potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is mainly used to oxidise and eliminate manganese. The product (purple flakes) is dissolved by tank mixing. It is not very soluble (5 to 30 g · L–1...

: resistivity This measurement must be carried out in a circulation cell capable of detecting 25 Mohms · cm. salts and metals The required target concentration thresholds may be below 1 μg· L-1, for sodium...

absence of any residual disinfectant. Additionally, one needs to allow for a 1 to 3 months natural seeding period to ensure that the process becomes fully effective. Utilisation techniques differ...

nitrification reaction (see also suspended growth (activated sludge) process) is obtained by adding, term by term, equations (1) and (2): In storm water, ammonium content is usually expressed in NH4+ ions...

) and are the least energy-hungry of the dewatering processes: belt filters: 10-25 kWh · t–1 of suspended solids; classic filter-press: 20-40 kWh · t–1 of suspended solids; centrifuge: 30-60 kWh · t–1...

or in series in a cylindrical casing to form the modular unit (figure 1). Figure 1. Tubular module (organic membrane) The discharge hydrodynamics have been totally defined and circulation velocities...

. Figure 25. Adsorption isotherm for an activated carbon plotting an isotherm take six 1.2 liters glass flasks; add 1 liter of water containing the pollutant that is under investigation. (note...

insufficient filtered water is available. The filter can be backwashed using water only (35-50 m · h–1) or using air and water simultaneously (air: 30-55 m · h–1; water: 24-60 m · h–1), or air followed by water...

specific resistance to r filtration This is the resistance opposed to filtration (or to the outflow of the filtrate) by a quantity of cake deposited on 1 m² of filter surface area and containing 1...

in a post-treatment stage comprising disinfection and, if necessary, filtration. Parameters applicable to activated sludge were discussed in suspended growth (activated sludge) process. Table 1 summarises...

Table 1 provides an overview of commonly used materials for storing liquid reagents. In particular, the following points need to be noted: plastics (PVC and polyethylene in particular...

These filters are loaded with two layers of different materials (e.g. sand-anthracite), with a high water head and a filtration rate of between 7 and 20 m · h–1. Dualmedia filters are usually air...

-55% dry solids contents. Output ranges from 600 to1 000 kg suspended solids · h–1 for 600-650 mm diameter screws. These screw presses can also be installed behind a belt filter in order to improve dry...

Water is sprayed by nozzles mounted on one or more branched collectors in order to extend the water/air interface. The pressure required depends on the type and number of nozzles (figure 1 and photo...

be affected by the presence of traces of ammonia (> a few mg·L–1) and traces of H2S in seawater. Beyond a few mg·L–1 of NH4+, crevice corrosion may occur but can be eliminated by adding traces of Fe2+. ...

in with the faecal matter) and usually emptied out once a year. This night soil will be very concentrated (COD ranging from 12 to 30 g·L–1); those fitted with a water flush, emptied out more frequently and much...

to their nucleic acid ( RNA or DNA ) and their morphology (symmetry type, see further on pathogenic micro-organisms figure 11; presence or lack of a lipoprotein sheath enclosing the capsid), as detailed in table 1...

acid performance in these fields. It has been reported that amounts of 2 to 4 mg · L–1 eliminate in excess of 90% of total coliforms from municipal wastewater. Peracetic acid is effective to inactivate...

reservoir. 1A and 1B are sensors placed on the first concentric circle around the sludge reservoir. Sensor 2 is placed on a second concentric circle. These three sensors are electrically connected...

(Austria) 2,500 m3/h PetroChina Company Ltd, Chengdu (China) 1,600 m3/h PetroChina Company Ltd, Yunnan (Chine) 1,200 m3/h ...