Nikuradze’s experiments where : Table 52. At normal pressure, water has the kinematic viscosity in m2 · s–1 choice of roughness The accuracy of results in friction loss calculations...

0 mg · L–1 dissolved oxygen content. The most widely used measurement method is tank re-oxygenation. Oxygen is first removed from the clear water by an excess of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3...

released by reducer 2 are transferred to oxidant 1. The number of electrons captured by Ox1 must be equal to the number of electrons released by Red2 so that the global reaction is obtained...

to 200 times dilution in-line) using low salinity clean water (if possible, salinity below 200 mg · L–1). However, consideration can always be given to preparing these polymers from a stock solution...

process has many advantages: higher dry solids content for floated sludge (+ 5 to 10 g suspended solids · L–1); requires no polymer when processing biological sludge regardless of its quality (SVI...

be removed when it becomes 1 to 1.5 m thick and this removal is carried out by a mechanised device. The layer’s final destination will depend on the local context. A properly designed and dimensioned...

(quick lime: apparent density: 0.7 to 1.2, slaked lime: apparent density: 0.3 to 0.6). However, quick lime does have two drawbacks: additional investment in order to guarantee a proper level...

. Of the many case studies available, the example presented below is provided by the Rivière Blan­che plant in Martinique that underwent a complete refurbishment: capacity increased from 1,200 to 1,500 m3·h...

can be used as a rough guide: CH4: 50 to 85 % for wastewater and 60 to 65% for sludge; CO2: 25 to 40 %(wastewater and sludge) N2:1 to 7 % Siloxanes : from 0 to 100 mg/Nm3 (namely present...

figures range from 1 to 5 rpm. Pool depth: adjustable by altering weir settings at centrate discharge louvers.Some constructors offer liquid level adjustment systems inside the machine when the latter...

by the combustion of each of its elements. calorific value The calorific value is the combustion heat expressed in relation to the fuel’s unit of mass or volume (KJ·kg–1, or KJ·m–3, or even mth·kg–1). We have...

that these technologies present good SAE when they operated in low volumes (high turbulence facilitates the good performance of these machines). Under favourable conditions, the SAE levels can reach up to 2.2 kgO2 · kWh–1...

: In such cases, the MnO2 needs to be regenerated at regular intervals using permanganate : The overall balance for reactions (1) and (2) will be : In practice, instead of ‘manganising’ sand...

the büchner with sludge (pretreated), 100 to 150 mL of sludge is usually sufficient to produce an 8-10 mm thick filter cake. Create the vacuum to quickly reach the level required, i.e. 1.5 bar, ensuring...

be recycled and we can use reactors that have a capacity of up to 10-15 g · L– 1 of sludge and thus apply loadings that vary from 2 to 12 kg COD · m–3·d–1 of digester. In sludge treatment applications, up to 2...

for final disinfection in the following amounts : drinking water: approximately one mg · L–1 ; swimming pools: approximately 1 to 5 mg · L–1 ; wastewater (if required) after biological treatment...

nozzles are needed in order to maintain an air blanket and to distribute the air evenly. Figure 1 is a cross section of a long-stem nozzle, fitted into a concrete floor, during the air scour and water...

-7 mg · L–1 of residual CO2) ; neutralisation using lime: Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 ; neutralisation using sodium hydroxide: NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3; Figure 108. Various equilibrium...

The European Union has set parametric values for the following elements : antimony: 5 mg · L–1; boron: 1 mg · L–1; bromine: 10 mg · L–1 (as bromate ions); selenium: 10 mg · L–1...

. Note: table 3 provides an analysis of the reference seawater used: ASTM water at 36.4 g.L^-1 indicating...