the membrane from the outside to the inside of the fibre, using the pressure differential created by a suction pump (figure 24). Figure 24. Membrane filtration The fibre has a 1.9 mm external...

nanofiltration application As already discussed, nanofiltration will produce: very good OM removal (SP < 5%) especially OM made up of MW molecules approximately > 300 g · mol–1, constituting...

: surface treatment, beet washing water, mining industry, steel mills …) at least for the small flow rates (< 500 m3 · h–1); in secondary settling: These units are also known as «clarifiers» (see secondary...

of destroying or eliminating this complex. nitrates Nitrate levels are generally found to be on the increase in raw water and, therefore, they must be eliminated when they rise above 50 mg NO3·L–1, because...

1 and 2 are provided by the relationships: aA, aB, aC and aD represent the activities of compounds in solution. At equilibrium v1 = v2, hence: K is called the thermodynamic...

application (granular particles) The velocity of a particle entering into the tank through the top will have two components: V1: fluid horizontal velocity equal to Q/S. V0: vertical settling speed...

technology can be found in the section sequencing batch reactor process. A water treatment plant using the activated sludge system can initially be identified by its F/M ratio (expressed in kg of BOD5.kg-1 VM...

sizing The following constitute the basic data required to define the heat balance for an incinerator: the mass flow rate of the sludge to be processed expressed in kg · h–1; the dry solids...

colloids found in raw water. The most common reagents used are: aluminium sulphate, either crystallised: Aℓ2(SO4)3, 14 or 18 H2O, or liquid: 600 or 720 g · L–1 solution of crystallised aluminium...

(figure 24) and on local discharge standards : offshore discharge via mechanical flotation ( HC < 40 mg·L–1), dissolved air flotation or coalescence ( HC < 10 mg·L–1); the latter should only be used...

in Nm3 ·h–1 (or in m3 ·h–1 effective with the temperature). The composition will be quoted by volume or by weight and must be used to calculate CO2, H2O, N2, O2 steams rates (from which can be deduced...

discussed values for pK1 based on temperature and on e as a function of salinity; furthermore, in water having a pH below 8.4 (the case for most natural waters), we can ignore the CO32– ion levels and assume...

of the dried sludge. special case of héliantis solar sdrying principle of the greenhouse effect In France, energy available from sunlight varies between 1,200 and 1,750 kWh·m–2·annum–1, of which 40...

% of saturation, or 6 to 9 mg · L–1 of O2 depending on temperature. This figure can be doubled by recycling 100% of the treated water output but, at best, this would allow us to eliminate 15 to 20 mg · L–1 of BOD...

sense, gas solubility is defined precisely as the concentration of dissolved gas in equilibrium under normal temperature and pressure conditions (0 °C and 1 atm). As ozone is not very soluble in water...

calcium carbonate crystals is in the region of 1/100th of a mm, in this case, for crystallisation, we use a mass usually made up of grains of sand initially measuring between 0.2 and 0.4 mm. Calcium...

-molecular weight of 0.5 kg · mol–1, π = 0.5 bar; for a macromolecule that has gramme-molecular weight of 50 kg · mol–1, π = 0.05 bar … We can see that the smaller the molecule (low gramme-molecular weight...

(for good biofilm bonding) with high specific surface area; low density (reasonable fluidisation velocity ~ 7 m · h–1); resistant to attrition; production conditions, strictly controlled...

water containing 200 g · L–1 of NaCℓ, and rendered alkaline to pH 12. resin storage in its original packaging protection against dehydration Resin must be stored in its unopened packaging away...

levels are feasible providing high air flow rates (50 to 100 m3 ·h–1 per m2) are used with water flow rates of 10 à 30 m3·h–1 per m2. pressurised aerators These appliances are often used to remove iron...