oxidation will produce toxic chlorite ions; in disinfection, the presence of a 0.2 mg · L–1 residual concentration at the end of the plant treatment train is usually sufficient to safeguard the treated...

risks for agricultural workers and consumers).Water is brought in through a channel or applied by spraying (warning: danger of spreading pathogens).The water table must not be less than approximately 1 m...

to be treated comes from the Avre aqueduct located in the area of Dreux, France. It is transported via a 102 km-long supply pipeline measuring 1.8m in diameter. Considered as one of the essential components...

» clinker while complying with the values quoted in table 4 (taken from the circular of the 9th May 1994) or like grit containing organic matter, see category F1 in the NF P 11-300 standard. In both cases...

, local authorities etc.). Standard separators (or grease traps) are mass produced for flow rates ranging from 20 to 30 L · s–1. These units have been designed for a 3 to 5 minutes contact time and a rising...

. Stora Enso paper mill – Corbehem (Pas-de-Calais, France) – Output: 72,000 m3· d–1 Figure 18. Paper mill – M Real (Germany) – Integrated plant: chemical pulp + printing-writing paper – 360...

minutes and the velocity gradient approximately 600 s–1. The Turbactor can be constructed of plastic or protected steel. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of a Turbactor Photo 2. Turbactor ...

origin and quality of FGD effluent We can note that a 750 MW power station will typically generate 2.5 M Nm3·h–1 of flue gases from which 4 to 5 tons of SO2 have to be removed per hour. The most...

for certain untreated industrial effluents diluted with more than 200 mg · L–1 in SO4, H2S can increase. A concentration of H2S of more than 2% in the gas can compromise its utility (corrosive nature...

…) or to comply with very stringent standards for metals or radioactive waste. In many cases occurring in the USA, very stringent standards have been satisfied: 1 to 20 mg · L–1 of Cu, Zn, Pb for example (even 1...

concentration in the reactor as high as possible (figure 1). Figure 1. « Anaerobic contact » process (Analift) A degasification device is required and installed between the two main pieces...

will accept a wide range of incoming concentrations, thus enabling it to process very different sludge types and to satisfy all manner of requirements. However, 100 g· L–1 of suspended solids cannot be exceeded...

chlorine is supplied in: 15, 30 and 50 kg cylinders (or "tubes"); 500 (rare) and 1,000 kg tanks (or "cylinders"). In France, these containers are pressure tested to 30 bar by the Mines...

). Figure 29. Flotazur BR Photo 28. Barranca Berreja plant (Colombia) for Ecopetrol. Output: 72,000 m3· d–1. Oily water flotation. Four 15 m Ø Sediflotazur These units are equipped with both...

% and when the suspended solids content is above 45 mg · L–1. Additionally, at this level of water quality only limited disinfection can be achieved (2 log inactivation maximum and effluent counts of 2,000 CF...

or gas phase towards the solid surface. The capacity for adsorbing a solid will depend on : the developed surface area or specific surface area (m2·g–1) of the material. Some solids found...

, they are deducted from the required top up water flow. For the record : heating 1 m3 of water from 15°C to 105°C (case of deaerators working at 0.3 barg) requires a supply of 90,000 Kcal, i.e. 11 kg of saturated...

is only really capable of eliminating radon. Tritium (quality reference: 100 Bq · L–1) cannot be removed by any of the conventional water treatments. However, these levels rarely occur in natural water. ...

present in the reaction medium; that is why the chlorine and chlorite concentration ratio is another determining parameter in the production process. The process using acidification requires 1.25 times...

with a shut-off valve (7), backed up by a valve (8) that creates an additional head loss. The raw water feed (1) is adjusted according to the level in the treated water tank (11) by means of a level sensor (12...